The 69 Rules of Punctuation

As created by TheVisualCommunicationGuy.com | 2015; Transcript by Rebecca Schmieley

There are exceptions to these rules and there are other rules beyond these 69. This chart represents the most commonly accepted ways to use punctuation in English.

Em Dashes

—

<The em dash is a much longer hyphen (-) or a slightly longer en dash (–). >

• Use to expand a main clause with emphasis
• Use to clarify with added detail mid-sentence
• Use to interrupt a thought or change direction.

Colons

:

• Use after the salutation in a formal letter
• Use to separate titles from subtitles
• Use to designate time (separate hour from minutes)
• Use to show a ratio
• Use to show dialogue in a play
• Use to introduce lists
• Use to expand a main clause

Quotation Marks

“    ”

• Use to quote a dictionary definition
• Use for direct quotes of people or characters.
• Use to indicate sarcasm or snarkiness.
• Use when addressing a word as a word.
• Use when referencing a chapter, song, article, or other short media

Hyphens

–

• Use to separate prefixes and suffixes with three consecutive letters.
• Use to join a prefix to a date.
• Use to create two-digit numbers.
• Use to create compound adjectives.
• Use to clarify verbs with common prefixes.
• Use to join prefixes to capitalized words.
• Use to join a number to a word.

Parentheses

(  )

• Use to insert related but unnecessary information mid-sentence
• Use to clarify a writer’s state of mind.
• Use to cite sources at the end of a sentence.

Apostrophes

‘    ’

• Use to create plural possessions.
• Use to omit letters and numbers.
• Use to show a quote within a quote.
• Use to create a plural for a single letter.
• Use to make a noun possessive.
• Use to make an acronym possessive.
• Use to create compound possessions.
• Use to show a title in the heading

En Dashes

–

• Use to indicate a period of time, replacing “to” or “through.”

Exclamation Marks

!

• Use to show excitement and gusto.
• Use to give emphatic clarification.
• Use to show anger.

Brackets

[  ]

• Use to insert non-quoted comments in a direct quote.
• Use to modify words within a quote to fit larger sentence.
• Use to insert “sic” to indicate an error or typo.
• Use to identify when italics were used in a quote to add emphasis.
• Use to insert parenthetical material inside parentheses.

Semicolons

;

• Use to separate a list of complex items.
• Use to separate list items that include commas.
• Use to join two related complete sentences.

Question Marks

?

• Use to ask a question mid-sentence.
• Use to ask a question or show a question is being asked (end of sentence).

Ellipses

…

• Use to indicate hesitating speech in dialogue.
• Use to show a person being cut off in speech.
• Use to show trailing off in speech.
• Use to omit words in a direct quote.

Periods

.

• Use to end a sentence fragment for emphasis.
• Use to create abbreviations.
• Use to identify less-common acronyms.
• Use to end a complete sentence.

Commas

,

• Use to separate appositives.
• Use to separate interjections.
• Use to separate cities and counties from states.
• Use to separate the day of the month from the year.
• Use after abbreviation i.e. and e.g.
• Use to separate numbers larger than 999.
• Use to separate introductory phrases.
• Use to separate a direct address.
• Use to separate a conditional clause.
• Use to separate a dependent clause.
• Use to separate coordinate adjectives.
• Use to separate items in a list.
• Use to separate coordination conjunctions where there are two independent closures.

 

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